To accomplish this objective, this paper first reviews…. There is a strong rift between the two and little sense of common ground. In this text, I concern myself with terrorism in Western Europe. had created a sense of violence, hatred, separatist, terrorism etc. After listing many definitions from essay in terrorism nations and from within the United States, itself, essay in terrorism, this paper examines a legalistic attempt to lay the groundwork for a universal definition, then a more cutting attempt to dispel the self-serving political "fog" surrounding these definitions. Al-Shabaab seriously undermines stability and security in the region, necessitating an intelligent and coordinated application of the instruments of power IOPs.
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Terrorism refers to threats, violence, bombings, etc. Essay in terrorism is known to have a long history, but even today, the reason behind this terror by the super powers and the government remains explicit. The acts of terror are very common these days and could be found in current political and social environment. A part of terror is still confused when it is applied in the actual present world obb, Where the word terrorism comes from and its definitions According to the department of USA that deals with terrorism, defense, violence etc. Common basis of terror are politics, religion or even ideology. They threat the society to achieve their goals. Another similar definition by the FBI states that terrorism involves illegal….
References Allen, C,God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad, Cambridge, essay in terrorism, MA, Da Capo Press. Bascio, P,Defeating Islamic Terrorism: An Alternative Strategy, Wellesley, MA, Branden Books. Nacos, B. Robb, J. Terrorism The term "terrorism" is profoundly political, as can be seen by the numerous definitions of terrorism and the lack of a globally-agreed description. The myriad definitions show nations struggling to define "terrorism" in self-serving ways. Efforts to clarify and unify those definitions vary from legalistic to nearly bombastic. After listing many definitions from different nations and from within the United States, itself, this paper examines a legalistic attempt to lay the groundwork for a universal definition, then a more cutting attempt to dispel the self-serving political "fog" surrounding these definitions.
The common thread in both approaches is the appeal to diplomatically weigh competing national interests in order to form a workable worldwide definition of "terrorism Definitions of Terrorism a. Works Cited Arab Convention on Terrorism. Document: Arab Convention on Terrorism, htm Department of Justice Canada. The Anti-Terrorism Act. asp tfpotdota Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U. House of Representatives. Retrieved from U. Retrieved from Eur-lex. Terrorism Influences Terrorism has no specific definition and its definition largely depends upon the viewpoint of an individual for example Samuel Adams essay in terrorism well-known revolutionary fireband or Thomas Gefferson would have been terrorist from ritish perspective but they have been Great essay in terrorism from American perspective.
Take the case of George Washington who was previously fighting with ritish army against French essay in terrorism was loyalist of ritish crown but later on he sought American independence from ritish rule and became terrorist in the eyes of ritish Kreamer. ut there is an accepted definition of terrorism as UN has reached on no consensus but generally crimes against humanity, war crimes, cleansing of ethnicity and genocide are included in definition of terrorism. Recent trial of osnian Serb army Chief Ratko Mladic on the charges of genocide has been included in the concept of terrorism by various circles. Similarly, act of genocide by Hitler has…. Bibliography Fine, J, essay in terrorism. contrastin secular and religious terrorism.
Protection against weapons of mass destruction, essay in terrorism. Kreamer, T. Archiving early America. html Kurgel, L. e-International Relations. Global Jihad, a Myth or Reality The Jihad is often associated with a certain Muslim fight against the unfaithful, one that has been going on for decades now and which is unlikely to stop in coming years. However, despite this sustainable development of the notion and everything it entangles, it cannot be stated without a doubt that this is an obvious reality. This assumption is made based on the fact that the Jihad, as a means of war, is an artificial creation rather than one that is dictated by religion or supported by it. This perspective largely depends on the point-of-view that is applied when looking at the global jihad.
Therefore, from the point-of-view of the extremist Muslims the Jihad is an inevitable took with which pressure is applied on the "unfaithful. Works cited Kaplan, Eben. Council of Foreign Relations. html 3 Townshend, essay in terrorism, Charles. A Essay in terrorism. Indian Council of Social Science Research, essay in terrorism. Haranand Publications. India, Terrorism is at this point one of the main threats that decision makers in the field of national security have to deal with especially in the United States. The United States have a particular way in which it deals with homeland security issues given the nature of its administrative and political organization. The national, regional, and local law enforcement agencies and subdivisions are the ones that provide the legal and operational framework and background for actions to be taken at all the levels that could be affected by a terrorist essay in terrorism or by any time of threat posed at the homeland security.
The present paper researches the role national security agencies have, with due regard for the shared…. Bibliography Department of Homeland Security. National Security Council relates to the existing terrorist movements that pose risks to Americans citizens and its territory. The U. has historically been one of the main targets of the Islamist terrorist groups alongside other countries such as Israel. has undertaken various national policies to combat terrorism within and beyond its borders, essay in terrorism. However, the September 11 attacks on U. led the U, essay in terrorism.
through Bush Administration to take up critical measures to deal with terrorism and its threats. This saw the U. attacking the backyard of renowned terrorists Iraq and Afghanistan being key targets. This led to the top leaders being killed and ushered in the leaderless Jihad terrorist movements existent today. These new movements demand new approaches to combat them. New ideologies and measures must be designed to ensure that the leaderless Jihad terrorist…. Reference List Cameron, Fraser. Foreign Policy after The Cold Essay in terrorism. London: Routledge,essay in terrorism, Johnston, Douglas, essay in terrorism.
Religion, Terror, and Error. New York: ABC-CLIO,Lebovic, James. Deterring International Terrorism And Rogue States: U. Terrorism The efforts to outdo terrorists are seemingly falling off, leaving with it underprivileged notion of the prospective for a proper psychological involvement to terrorist perception only. However, the bulk research within this circumference have brought about hopeful as well as exhilarating beginning for an intangible progress in coming to terms to psychological procedure transversely to all ranks of terrorist activities. An argument has come up for much considerable detachment with a clearer task for psychological study to inform as well as improve realistic counterterrorism activities.
This paper demonstrates knowledge and assimilation of terrorism perspectives, counter- and anti-terrorism, and aspects relating to prediction, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and post-response recovery activities and analyze it in terms of how it would be dealt with it in terms of a counterterrorism plan that includes orientation diplomatic, military, law enforcement, etc. and specific strategies and tactics you would develop relating to prediction, prevention,…. Work Cited Whittaker, D. The terrorism reader 4th ed. New York: Routledge. ISBN: Terrorism Annotated Bibliography Gardner, K.
Fighting terrorism the FATF way. Global Governance: a Review of Multilateralism and nternational Organizations. FATF, or Financial Task Force, is considered a successful organization in terms of investigating how global terrorism is funded. Without financial backing, the complexities required that go into terrorism attacks would not be possible. Kathryn Gardner argues that other aspects of investigation into potential terrorist organization could benefit from duplicating the FATF model. The three factors Gardner identifies that are most pertinent to these investigations are: coordination, flexibility, essay in terrorism, and commitment by the government.
dentification of terrorist threats and fighting global terror must be a joint effort. Only through coordinated efforts on the part of law enforcement agencies can terrorism be properly tracked and the threats evaluated. Although differing scholars have not decided upon a universal protocol for conduct, what they do all essay in terrorism with is the idea that…. In order to find ways to combat terrorism in the future, there should be increased focus on research into currently functioning organizations, how they communicate, essay in terrorism, and how they can access dangerous technologies. In this day and age, the world is changing rapidly and while we can learn about our own country's mistakes from past terrorist attacks, there is little else that can be gained in terms of combating terrorism or in predicting future attacks.
By taking Ranstorp's suggestions seriously, emphasis can be placed on identification and proper research methodologies, thereby performing efficient work into prevention. Sinclair, S. Fearing future terrorism: development, validation, and psychometric testing of the terrorism catastrophizing scale TCS. Samuel Sinclair and Alice LoCicero, in this study, have devised a scale by which potential psychological damage to terrorism can be measured. This is an important aspect of terror management theory TMT. Terrorism, by the very definition of the word, are acts which are designed essay in terrorism inflict terror and therefore their psychological results are important components of their success.
sample essays for high school
Sometimes, terrorists attack is done to fulfill the religious and ideological goal. India is a developing country who has faced many challenges in the past and currently, terrorism which a big national problem. It has faced challenges like hunger death, illiteracy , poverty , inequality, population explosion and terrorism which have affected its growth and development to a great extent. Terrorism is a big threat fighting with a government and common public for the purpose of religion, motherland, and other unreasonable motives of the terrorists. Terrorists call themselves brave soldiers however, they are not real soldiers. Real soldiers never hurt common public and they fight only to save their country from the enemies.
Real soldiers fight to fulfill the purpose of a nation. Whereas terrorists fight to fulfill their own, individual and unfair purposes. A national soldier is fully responsible for his all the responsibilities however a terrorist never do that. Terrorists got their name from the word terror. Earlier, terrorism was limited to some specific areas like state of Jammu and Kashmir however; now-a-days, it has spread to almost all the areas especially regions of north eastern India. Recently, the terrorist attack in India was in Taj Hotel and Nariman house in Mumbai. In that attack, India had lost lives of many people and suffered financial loss. Terrorism is a big national issue which is using the human mind to get complete victory.
Terrorism is terrifying the mind of the human being to make them weak so that they can rule the nation again. It needs to be solved on international level. We all should think about terrorism together to finish it from the root. We should make a strong policy to completely destroy its kingdom as well as removing the striking terror from the human minds. Terrorism uses violent ways to achieve the purpose and get positive result. Terrorism is the act of violence performed by the group of people called terrorist.
They become very common people and somehow they lost their control over the mind because of some unfair natural disasters or unfair activities with them by others which make them unable to fulfil desires in normal and accepted ways. Slowly they are taken under the confidence of some bad people in the society where they are promised to get fulfilled all the desires. They get together and form a group of terrorists to fight with their own nation, society and community. Terrorism has affected all the youths of the country, their growth and development. It has pulled the nation many years back from the proper development. Terrorism is ruling the country just like Britishers, from which we again need to be free.
However, it seems that terrorism would always continue spreading its root to deep because some rich people from our nation are still supporting them to fulfill their unfair purposes. India had faced lots of challenges such as poverty, population growth, hunger, illiteracy, inequality, and many more however, terrorism is highly dangerous till now affecting the mankind and humanity. It is more than dangerous and frightening disease which is affecting the people mentally and intellectually. Whether it exists in the small Ireland, Israel, etc or big USA, Russia, etc countries; it has challenged both to a same level. Terrorism is act of using international violence by the group of frustrated people means terrorists to achieve some political, religious or individual goals.
The spread of terror by the terrorists is increasing day by day. Terrorism has no any rule and laws, it only attacks on society or colony or crowd of the innocent people living in order to spread terror as well as give pressure to government to complete their demands. The demands of the terrorist become very specific to fulfil only what they want. It is a greatest threat to mankind. They never compromise their friends, family, innocent kids, woman and old people. They only want to explode atom bomb at the place of people crowd. They shoot on crowd, hijack flight and other terror activities. Terrorist target to spread terror in their preferred areas, region or country within minimum time. There are many terrorist groups exists in the nation with their special name depending on their name.
Two main types of terrorism are political terrorism and criminal terrorism depends on their works. Terrorists are well-trained group of people prepared to perform some specific purpose. More than one terrorist group are trained to perform different purposes. It is like a disease which is spreading regularly and need some highly effective medicine for permanent removal. Terrorism is the process unfair and violent activities performed by the group of trained people called terrorists. There is only one boss who gives strict orders to the group to perform particular activity in any ways. They want money, power and publicity for the fulfilment of their unfair ideas.
In such conditions, it is media which really helps to spread the news about terrorism in the society of any nation. Group of terrorist also take support of the media by especially contacting them to let them know about their plan, ideas and goals. Various groups of the terrorists are named according to their aims and objectives. Acts of terrorism affects the human mind to a great extent and makes people so fear that they fear to go outside from their own home. They think that there is terror everywhere outside the home in the crowd like railway station, temple, social event, national event and so many. It has affected the financial status and humanity to a great extent. In order to reduce the terror and effect of terrorism from the nation, a tight security arrangement is done on the order of government.
All the places which are crowded because of any reasons like social programmes, national events like Republic day, Independence Day, temple and etc. Each and every person has to follow the rules of security arrangement and has to pass from the automatic machine of full body scanner. Using such machines, security get help in detecting the presence of terrorists. Even after arrangement of such tight security, we are still unable to make it effective against the terrorism. Accessed on 8 December, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CBRN Materials and Effects. Homeland Security Information Bulletin. May 28, Accessed on 8 December, Terrorism, during its long violent history, has been used as a means of intimidation and aggression.
In its narrow definition only violent acts or threats of violent acts committed by nongovernmental groups or individuals are considered to be terrorism, but in the broader context governments have been known to commit terrorism as well Terrorism may include political assassinations, violent political revolutions, hijackings, skyjackings, and bombings. hen such acts are perpetrated within a country's borders, it is known as domestic terrorism, while global or international terrorism knows no such boundaries. The causes of terrorism are varied and have been committed in the past due to historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, economic, or religious reasons or a combination of these reasons.
The purpose of my current research is to explore the causes behind the spate of global terrorism, specifically Islamic terrorism that has swept many regions of the world during the past…. Works Cited Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. Wordsworth Classic of World Literature. UK: Wordsworth Edition Limited: Cohn, Marjorie. Little, Allan. December 6, February 20, Townshend, Charles. Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, Essentially, Saudi is promoting the idea that terrorism is a viable path to political change, and that won't necessarily sit well when the chickens eventually come home to roost.
He also asserts…. If Huntington is correct, as long as there are radical Islamic groups hating Americans, the U. can snuff out a few here and there but they will never stop organizing, never stop blowing themselves up in jihads. Huntington believed that it was and always will be a clash of Muslim vs. estern culture, and Muslim vs. Barnett notes in his blog that yes, 3, people were killed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, , but "we lost over times that many to heart disease" and "over times that amount to cancer. Bush failed in his presidency and failed the American people because he seemed only able to "express our anger, not our hopes," Barnett asserted. Barnett is correct when he says Americans are…. Works Cited Abidor, Mitch.
Retrieved Feb. A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Terrorist Organizational Models. Barnett, Thomas P. Terrorism in Perspective: It Really is a Nuisance if We Continue. That said, Even if those countries do not actually build nuclear bombs, they could still decide to develop latent nuclear weapon capabilities as a type of insurance policy. This is not a new realization. For instance, the Baruch Plan, which was brought before the United Nations in , attempted to place controls on fissile material and dual-use nuclear technologies. While that plan was stillborn, recent years have seen renewed efforts to control the spread of these technologies.
In his February National Defense University speech, for example, President Bush proposed for the world to "create a safe, orderly system to field civilian nuclear plants without adding to the danger of weapons proliferation. The world's leading nuclear exporters should ensure that states have reliable access at reasonable cost to fuel for civilian reactors, so long as those states renounce enrichment and reprocessing. Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe. Holt Bunn, M. As the government has constantly enhanced its war on terrorism efforts, it has emerged that these initiatives have evolved into reshaping the country's national security policies and challenged the value placed on individual freedom.
The attempts towards preventing terrorism and enhancing homeland security in the United States have entailed the enactment of various anti-terrorism laws such as the Patriot Act. While these attempts may not have been developed to limit the civil liberties of American citizens, they have contributed to a significant diminution of freedoms for Americans Whitehead and Aden, Anti-terrorism law has been characterized by unintended consequences that threaten the essential constitutional rights of individuals who have completely no involvement with or link to terrorism. The war on terrorism has unexpectedly provided ways….
References Mitrano, T. Civil Privacy and National Security Legislation: A Three- Dimensional View. EDUCAUSE Review, 38 6. Forfeiting 'Enduring Freedom' for 'Homeland Security': A Constitutional Analysis of the U. PATRIOT Act and the Justice Department's Anti-Terrorism Initiatives. In sum, Mousseau believes that a market economy can help reverse the alarming trends taking place in Afghanistan today and create a democratic nation that embraces different values and beliefs. espective international theoretical approaches Both authors make the point that the United States has consistently failed to understand the situation in Afghanistan, a failure that has led to repeated setbacks despite the enormous amounts of resources that have been devoted to the country and the more than thousand American lives it has cost.
On the one hand, ubin applies an "ugly American"-type of analysis to the situation in Afghanistan to justify his claims that significantly more military and foreign aid resources are required as well as a long-term commitment to prosecute the war on…. Impact of Lone Wolf Terrorists Introduction The recent terrorist episodes in the US have all been incidents of Lone Wolf terrorism. From the bombing of the Oklahoma City Building in by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols to the Charlottesville attack in by neo-Nazi James Fields, Lone Wolf terrorists exist in this country and their presence is the most important current domestic security concern.
This paper will explain why Lone Wolf terrorism is a most important security concern for the US and how Internet recruitment is playing a part in the spreading of violent actions by extremists. Defining Lone Wolf Terrorism Lone Wolf terrorism is hard to define because of the complicated nature of what makes one a lone wofle. The theory of lone wolf terrorism is that lone wolves are terrorists who act alone without any support group, network and assistance from a terror cell or organization. References Bandura, A. Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13 2 , Beydoun, K. Lone wolf terrorism: types, stripes, and double standards. UL Rev. Breed, A. Terror act or workplace violence? Hasan trial raises sensitive issue.
html Chatfield, A. Tweeting propaganda, radicalization and recruitment: Islamic state supporters multi-sided twitter networks. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research pp. Costello, M. Who are the online extremists among us? Sociodemographic characteristics, social networking, and online experiences of those who produce online hate materials. Violence and gender, 5 1 , DeCook, J. Memes and symbolic violence: proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43 4 , Doornbos, C. Transcripts of calls reveal Pulse shooter's terrorist motives.
html Elmasry, M. Journalism Practice, Terrorism, Insider Threats and Homeland Security Although terrorism, insider threats and homeland security are not new concepts, they have all assumed new important and relevance in an increasingly hostile and dangerous world. In response, the U. government has implemented a number of strategies that are designed to provide protections against threats to the national security. To determine the facts about these initiatives, this paper reviews the literature to describe the functions of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan and its implications for critical infrastructure security.
In addition, a discussion concerning the reasons private sector enterprises need to understand and create protocols for insider threats is followed by an assessment of the potential of terrorism and the measure the U. can take in the event domestic or international threats are identified. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues are presented in the conclusion. Review and Discussion The…. References Catrantzos, N. No dark corners: A different answer to insider threats. Contributors: Homeland Security Affairs, 6 2 , Hart, S. A guide for homeland security instructors preparing physical critical infrastructure protection courses. Homeland Security Affairs, 7 1 , National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
Department of Homeland Security. Prevent terrorism and enhance security. Will the current travel ban by the U. S president help avert the threat of terrorism in USA? Section I: Introduction 1 page a Explain the intelligence issue The US president, On January 27th , issued an executive order banning the admission of refugees into the US. He further put a temporary ban on people travelling to the US from seven countries of a Muslim majority1. The move was received with mixed reactions even having some people challenge the order in court. The order was temporarily halted when a judge from Seattle suspended its implementation nationwide.
The move allowed banned visitors to get admission into the US pending an appeal hearing. Trump did this as an honor to a campaign pledge he had issued1. Order content The order suspended refugee admission for a period of days. Refugees from Syria were also banned indefinitely. People arriving from these seven countries with…. Bibliography 1. html Accessed December 31, 3. Stemler, Steve. An Introduction to Content Analysis. College Park, MD: ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation, Drisko, and T. Walcott-Hackshaw, Elizabeth. Methods in Caribbean Research: Literature, Discourse, Culture. Lor, Methodology in comparative studies. International and Comparative Librarianship, 1—21 pdf Accessed December 31, 7. Shapiro, Ian. Rational choice theory. Sato, Yoshimichi.
Isa, After all, his father was a US government contractor, and Chesser virtually grew up in the backyard of the intelligence community in Virginia. He attended George Mason for a semester and George Mason is heavily involved with the intelligence community. I find it hard to believe that a kid with this background would become radicalized by a teammate on a soccer club. Why would he even be on a club organized by an Islamic political activist if not for the purpose of infiltration? I find that scenario much more plausible than the one presented in the report. The intelligence community regularly engages in infiltration exercises and develops false narratives for purposes related to covert operations. Proud Boys vs Antifa War of Words Introduction and Research Question When it comes to domestic extremism, there are groups on both the Right and the Left of the socio-political spectrum in America.
And while they may differ ideologically, they can also have a great deal of similarities. This paper looks at two extremist groups in particular—Antifa on the Left and Proud Boys on the Right. The questions this paper poses are: What is the nature of Antifa and how does Proud Boys mirror the group from the opposite spectrum? How can these extremist groups best be countered? The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to compare and contrast the two groups while showing that they both represent deep sub-cultural trends among the American populace that are emerging into popular culture and have the potential of disrupting and subverting mainstream cultural norms. To accomplish this objective, this paper first reviews….
Right and Left Wing Terror Groups in America 1 Extremism in the U. is on the rise, based on the rise in polarization throughout the country as the Left and the Right become more and more opposed to one another ideologically, politically, socially, and emotionally. There is a strong rift between the two and little sense of common ground. As social media use has essentially risen exponentially since its inception in the s, the level of ideologically-driven Influencers in the space is a reflection and facilitator of the level of extremism in the United States. As both the popularity of groups like…. Terrorist Groups: Discussion and Insights 1. What strategies might be most appropriate?
The approaches adopted in dealing with nationalist terrorist groups ought to differ from those used to repress religious or political terrorists. In essence, nationalist terrorism, according to Sanchez-Cuenca seeks enhanced autonomy or independence for a specified territory. On the other hand, religious terrorism and political terrorism are often based on objectives that have religious or political connotations respectively. Given their diverse motivations, the various kinds of terrorism utilize distinctive strategies and approaches to attain their objectives. Nationalist terrorist groups, for instance, seek to break the will of the State by killing repeatedly Sanchez-Cuenca, Religious terrorism mostly consists…. References Bagchi, A. Youth Unemployment and Terrorism in the MENAP Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan Region.
Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 64, Campbell, J. What Makes Boko Haram Run? Terrorist Groups and Political Legitimacy. Defining and Distinguishing Secular and Religious Terrorism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 8 2 , Levitt, M. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Nielsen, L. The Boko Haram Insurgency: Evolution, Defeat, and Future Challenges. Terrorism in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Case Study in Applied Ethics. The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly, 55, Sanchez-Cuenca, I. The Dynamics of Nationalist Terrorism: ETA and the IRA. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19 3 , A study into exactly what a common Enterprise Risk Management ERM functionality or division does to handle an ERM system, one discovers that many ERM features derive from monetary dangers and consider all potential risks that may affect the goals of the business.
Security risks might be stated or perhaps reported within an ERM division, however, there is a distinction among ESRM and ERM McCreight And Coppoolse, n. An ERM system concentrates on risks confronting the business from a number of factors, such as ecological, functional, and economic. The majority of ERM applications possess a powerful concentration on the monetary elements of risk confronting the enterprise. ESRM, however, positions exclusively with security risks confronting the business - these risks approaching People, Property and data that assist enterprise objectives and goals.
The ERM division or system might…. References Richard. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Security Cameras. Nuclear lessons for cyber security? Strategic Studies Quarterly McCreight, T. ESRM and ERM Clarifying the Differences. State Legitimacy and Terrorism. Democracy and Security, 8 4 , Chaliand, G. The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. Univ of California Press. Sheehy, C. Innovation in CCTV and its impact on Loss Prevention. For instance, not every Muslim supports ISIS or al-Qaeda, and not every Irish Catholic supports the Irish Republican Army IRA. Most Muslims and Catholics view their religions as religions of peace.
But how true is this criticism? Is it possible that in every Muslim or Catholic there exists a potential jihadist or a potential Crusader? Suicide Terrorism: Driven to Death Introduction Who are the terrorists engaging in suicide bombings? What motivates them to act? These are some of the questions Merari tackles in Driven to Death. They are not entirely new questions, as other researchers have asked them as well—but Merari does provide new insight into the phenomenon of suicide bombing by conducting field work and independent research to uncover more information on this particular subject. This paper explores some of the findings of Merari and compares them with what other researchers have had to say, particularly on the subject of what motivates terrorists to act.
Demographics While many scholars argue that there is no demographic profile of the suicide bomber, Merari disagrees and presents his own demographic profile based on his own research. The argument of general scholarship is that anyone can be a suicide bomber, young or old, rich…. Intro:Extremism, in recent years, continues to become much more contentious and polarizing. Its influences have also begun to permeate within United States culture with the rise of Antifa, QAnon and other extremist groups. What is more alarming, these groups are willing to utilize violence and bullying tactics to achieve their objectives irrespective of how it will impact society as a whole. Many of these members of these groups are often unwilling to compromise on their positions or listen to opposing facts related to their views.
Here, social media and traditional media have a role as these institutions are often biases towards one particularly view and dont provide context towards opposing views. As a result, members of these extremist groups typically coalesce around media, social groups, and other channels that are provide the same message without looking towards outside sources to find disconfirming evidence. This behavior further emboldens the group to…. References 1. Alakoc, Burcu Pinar. Appleton, Catherine. Bates, Rodger A. and Mara Mooney. Bouhana, Noémie, Emily Corner, Paul Gill, and Bart Schuurman. Somali terrorist group al-Shabaab has been wreaking havoc in the region since Al-Shabaab seriously undermines stability and security in the region, necessitating an intelligent and coordinated application of the instruments of power IOPs.
Recently, there has been some dissention among al-Shabaab leaders over their strategic alliances with al-Qaeda on the one hand, and their interest in helping Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL , on the other U. Department of State, In spite of factions within al-Shabaab, the group remains relatively strong and has been able to successfully establish safe havens throughout Somalia. Their safe havens have allowed the group to wage successful attacks both within Somalia and further abroad, raising red flags and encouraging intervention. For example, al-Shabaab is responsible for attacks on major public infrastructure targets like the Mogadishu International Airport, government agencies, and key hotels as well as the attack on a university in….
References Chun, C. Economics: A key element of national power. National security and the interagency process. pdf Murphy, D. Strategic communication: Wielding the information instrument of power. Strategic Studies Institute SSI. pdf Troxell, J. Military power and the use of force. pdf U. Department of State Country Reports: Africa overview. htm Williams-Bridgers, J. Combatting terrorism. United States Government Accountability Office. They are reminders of the sophisticated threats the world faces from transnational terrorist groups.
The attacks are also a call for action against the ongoing fight against terrorism. The attacks add importance to analyzing the threats and the measures needed to counter both local and transnational terrorist groups United States, ISIS is the most urgent security threat worldwide. The terrorist group has taken advantage of the Syrian conflict and Iraqs sectarian tensions to spread in both nations. Today, the group has penetrated the middle of the Middle East geography. The terrorist group makes use of both insurgent and terrorist strategies to seize and govern its territory.
ISIS uses the same tactics to secure allied North African and Middle Eastern terrorist groups allegiance. The sanctuary of…. References Mendelsohn, B. The al-Qaeda franchise: The expansion of al-Qaeda and its consequences. Sageman, M. Leaderless jihad: Terror networks in the twenty-first century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. United States. The Spread of ISIS and Transnational Terrorism, S. The spread of ISIS and transnational terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, second session, April 12, Leadership Exercise: Boston Marathon Bombings Analysis On April 15, , Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev two Kyrgyz-American brothers, detonated two homemade bombs at the annual running of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring another estimated attendees.
Although this high-profile domestic terrorism attack claimed a number of casualties, most observers agree that the outcome could have been far more severe had it not been for the preparations and actions taken by law enforcement and first responders prior to and immediately after the incident. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature to Identify salient issues that relate to issues such as leadership, decision making, organizational culture, communication, politics and power, employee training, teams, and so forth to identify best practices and lessons learned from this horrific incident. Finally, a summary of the research and key findings concerning the security preparations for and responses to the…. References After action report for the response to the Boston Marathon bombings.
Boston: Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency et al. Lasky, S. They are bombarded with information concerning the crimes performed by a certain community and they come to believe that it is important for them to act the respective community regardless of the aftermath. omen terrorists practically act against the generally accepted belief that women are non-violent. The reality is that many women become terrorists and governments need to take this concept into consideration in order to be able to effectively act against terrorist organizations worldwide. htm Malisow, Ben, "Terrorism," Infobase Publishing, "Iratxe….
Terrorism How have worries over WMD terror attacks distorted a balanced approach to policy on terrorism? Intelligence failures led to the presumption that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction Jervis. References "Global Salafi Terrorist Networks. March , Jervis, Robert, American Foreign Policy in a New Era. Pillar, Paul. R, Terrorism and U. Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Leaderless Jihad. Terrorism Organizations What is Terrorism? Legacy in the 21st century Based Terrorist Organizations Aryan Nation Ku Klux Klan Counterterrorism and Prevention Definitions and Structures Homeland Security Patriot Act The very nature of terrorism, of course, is to engender fear and panic into the population base.
Thus, targets are so numerous that complete protection of all is impossible. Targets could include any of the governmental buildings in Washington, D. Unless the materials are manufactured in the United States, though, the most likely targets are those that exist in coastal cities with larger port access Smith, Terrorists tend to target places that are media hyped, affect the lives of citizens, and are usually transportation, entertainment, or financially based in larger urban areas. Indeed, for greater efficacy, targets usually involve places where there are large non-combatant crowds,…. The New York Times.
html Anti-Defamation League. Ku Klux Klan -- Affiliations. Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques. George C. Marshall European Center for Security. pdf Department of Homeland Security. About DHS. Retrieved from: http:. In modern terminology, and for foreign policy, political science and international law, crimes against humanity are any atrocious act committed on a large scale. They can be prosecuted in most any Federal Court ystem, depending on where they occurred and which population was part of the criminal activity. The implication for international law is that crimes against humanity are subject to universal jurisdiction, which means that tates can exercise their own jurisdiction regardless of where the crime was committed, and that all tates also have the obligation and duty to assist each other in the defense of these sorts of activities.
It is also important to note that no human, regardless of affiliation, is immune from prosecution, even heads of state, and on person can plead a defense as obeying orders. International cooperation…. Sources: Dyson, W. Terrorism: An Investigator's Handbook. Waltham, MA: Anderson Publishing. McCormack, W. Understanding the Law of Terrorism. New York: Lexis Nexis. Title of agency, not plagiarized. Terrorism Intelligence, counterterrorism and protection, and subjects for investigation appear to be relevant, interesting and worthy of detailed examination.
The research traditions allowed in mainstream educational systems provide different avenues of approach to examine these ideas. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ideas of terrorism through the lenses of the five research conditions: narrative, grounded theory, phenomenology, case study and ethnography. Additionally, I will propose three different topics for doctoral research and determine why each of these approaches warrant inquiry. Before examining terrorism, it is a most important challenge to define the term. The defining of this word is perhaps the greatest source of confusion included in this type of research inquiry.
How is terrorism related to intelligence and protection? While these are fashionable catchwords of the day, it seems important to link the phrases and terms with concrete and realistic symbols that can be understood by…. Thousands of individuals employed within the ussian nuclear complex - many of whom have knowledge and access to nuclear materials - receive salaries that are barely at subsistence level, raising the possibility that they might be susceptible to offers from anyone in the market to buy nuclear components" Deutch, Economic Consequences It is generally a habit of the terrorist groups to target international powers in order to make their statement. But these international powers have extremely strong economies, and most importantly, extremely diverse.
What this means, is that even if a terrorist attack would affect one economic sector, the large diversity of operations and revenues would be able to support the economic revival of the affected sector and support the country's economic growth Sandler and Enders, However, one cannot rely on this premise as it is most applicable at a macroeconomic level. On a microeconomic level, the…. References Balkin, K. Terrorism and Democracy Terrorism is by its very nature is anti-democratic as it seeks to achieve political ends by violence. It has no interest in any of the bedrocks of democracy such as building consensus, stimulating debate or protecting the rights and interests of minorities. There is consensus among all those who cherish democracy that urgent steps are necessary to counter the threat of terrorism.
The key question is: how to accomplish this? In this essay we shall examine how terrorism undermines democracy and whether setting up an international committee can help to fight terrorism. e shall also look at short definitions of democracy and terrorism. Definition of Democracy Democracy Greek demos, "the people"; kratein, "to rule" is a political system in which…. Works Cited Amnesty International's concerns regarding post September 11 detentions in the U. April 6, Terrorism Definitions of terrorism Under the U. Government, terrorism has different definitions, not accounting also scholars' own definitions of this concept. In a study by Mark Burgess for the U. Center for Defense Information, he identified five 5 definitions of terrorism, three from the U.
Government and two from academic scholars. The common factors in each definition, according to Burgess, are the terrorists' motives, identity, and methods. The Department of Defense defines terrorism as "[t]he calculated use of unlawful violence to inculcate fear… to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious or ideological" para. The FBI has the same definition, albeit worded differently and includes not only people, but also property as an object of violence. The State Department, meanwhile, has a more specific definition, identifying terrorism as "premeditated" and primarily "politically motivated," and identified terrorists as "subnational groups or clandestine….
References Burgess, M. Accessed 23 April US Army Training and Doctrine Command. Available at: www. Terrorism There have been various definitions and views of terrorism that have beenfronted over the years. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point-of-view is being represented, be it theological, political or psychological. Also terrorism can be seen as willful destruction killing of people or destruction of property by people not acting on behalf of an established government to redress a real or imaginary injustice attributed to an established government.
However it is important to note that not all cases of willful destruction of people or property are acts of terrorism ed Cross Organization, Some of the important definitive characteristics of terrorism include among others;…. References Commonwealth of Kentucky, Community Preparedness. html Homeland Security, Retrieved November 20, Terrorism shares features in common with irregular warfare, insurgency, and crime. Like crime, terrorism violates the law and infringes on the rights of others. Similarly, Arquilla et al. Like irregular warfare, terrorism is asynchronous and asymmetrical, not ascribing to the rules of war.
However, terrorism is unique in that "today's enemy is not a state but a transnational, non-state actor" that uses warfare that is "not traditional…elusive…and…exploits…industrial and technological advantages," Howard n. As Howard n. points out, terrorism more resembles a virus than anything else p. Moreover, terrorism involves ideology and paradigms that underwrite its existence: in the case of al Qaeda a pseudo-religious doctrine. The goals of terrorism are farther-reaching and more global than…. References Arquilla, J. Ronfeldt, D. Networks and Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism.
Howard, R. Preemptive Military Doctrine: No Other Choice. Weimann, G. How modern terrorism uses the internet. United States Institute of Peace: Special Report. Coady cited in Halwani, points out that lack of a good definition makes it difficult, if not impossible, to address the moral implications of terrorism. Coady defines terrorism as "the organized use of violence to attack noncombatants 'innocents' in a special sense or their property for political purposes" p. This definition focuses on the targets, innocent "noncombatants" and does not consider the goals the terrorists aim to achieve.
It does specify for "political purposes" rather than criminal, and does not mention causing fear. There exists some disagreement on whether threats, for example, as opposed to real acts, constitute terrorism. If the goal of inducing fear is part of the definition, then threats would be included, but if terrorist goals are limited to "political purposes," then threats would not qualify as terrorist acts. Coady cited in Halwani, points out that some "acts of political violence may be…. References Brock, B. The use and abuse of terrorism. htm Halwani, R. Terrorism: Definition, justification, and applications. Social Theory and Practice, 32 2 , April, Retrieved on February 8, from Academic OneFile database.
Saul, B. Definition of "terrorism" in the UN Security Council: Chinese Journal of International Law, 4 1 , Retrieved on Februray 8, from Academic OneFile database. Terrorism Preparedness Since September 11, , the United States has made a significant progress guiding against terrorist attacks using terrorism preparedness to forestall further terrorism attacks in the United States. Terrorism preparedness exercise is a broad range of response and preparedness program to support communities that might be affected by the terrorist attack. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, Typically, the U. government has implemented a range of program for terrorism preparedness and one of the policies employed is the use of wide range of intelligence to investigate the imminent terrorism that might have occurred in the United States.
intelligence has collaborated with other intelligences globally to prevent act of terrorism in the United States. For example, the CIA Central Intelligence Agency has collaborated with Pakistan intelligence to locate the hideout of Ben Laden and killed him. Moreover, the United States has implemented various military exercises for…. Reference National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. Stenner, R. Kirk, J. Stanton, J. National Incident Management System NIMS Standards Review Panel Workshop Summary Report. Department of Energy. National Response Plan. The food supply is extremely vulnerable, and that makes all of us vulnerable, as well. The author also maintains that inspection at borders and inspection stations have kept most pathogens and problems from entering the country, but we have to wonder, how long will that last?
This applies to this course because it is a true threat of terrorism that could occur here or anywhere around the world. It also applies because those who would harm American would have no regrets about using agro-terrorism to do the greatest harm to the most people. They would feel justified at the death toll and panic that ensued. The threat of global terrorism is very real, and in fact, is on the increase. This document shows why we should be afraid, and never give up being vigilant about all forms of terrorism, no matter how obscure they might seem. eferences Preslar, D.
References Preslar, D. The role of disease surveillance in the watch for agro-terrorism or economic sabotage. Retrieved from the Federation of American Scientists Web site:. Terrorism How does terrorism affect children?
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